Statistical handbook of assam 2001

Goalpara 7. Barpeta 8. Nalbari 9. Kamrup M Kamrup R Darrang Sonitpur Lakhimpur Dhemaji Morigaon Nagaon Golaghat Jorhat Sivasagar Dibrugarh Tinsukia Karbi Anglong 78 Hills 38 Karimganj Hailakandi Goalpara 3 1 8 1 8 81 7. Darrang 2 1 6 1 6 76 Lakhimpur 2 2 9 1 9 81 Dhemaji 3 2 5 1 5 65 Morigaon 2 1 5 1 7 85 Nagaon 10 3 18 1 20 Golaghat 6 3 8 1 8 Jorhat 7 3 8 1 8 Sivasagar 5 3 9 1 9 Dibrugarh 9 1 7 1 7 93 Tinsukia 10 3 7 1 7 86 Each factor in the table represents different relations among the indicators and indicate different category of indicators.

Four variables are loaded into the first factor, such as, agricultural worker, industrial worker, cropped area and livestock population.

On the basis of the variables the first factor is labeled as the socioeconomic indicator. The variables indicate a strong relationship among them. With the loaded variables, the first factor also represents its link with the second factor.

MGI and urban population are loaded. Urban population increases due to migration from rural areas as the agricultural land could not provide adequate employment opportunity in the rural areas. Behind this rural—urban migration the first factor, which represent socioeconomic indicators also have a positive effect. Various Studies and theories of migration reveals that in the rural area employment as well as other facilities related to standard of living, health and education, etc.

Besides, these people also face the natural disasters like drought Shah , riverbank erosion by the inhabitants of riverbank areas, floods, volcanic eruptions etc. Uddin and Basak These all the factors often influence the decision to move to urban or any advanced location for better livelihood. Behind this natural growth of population the first factor or socioeconomic indicator as well as the second factor which represents the demographic indicator have strong influence.

However, both the second and third factors are part of demographic indicators. This factor labeled as environmental indicator on the basis of the variables loaded on this factor.

The negative factor loading for riverbank erosion area and positive factor loading for district population growth placed an opposite relation between the variables. This indicates increase riverbank erosion will decrease the population growth and vice versa. Besides this, the changes in population growth also influence by the previous first, second and third factor. However, the opposite relation indicates the positive effect on migration decision Table 4.

Thus, from the above findings, it is clear that all the four factors which represent a different category are theoretically interlinked with each others, from which we can interpret the linkage between riverbank erosion and migration. In this context, the component correlation matrix indicates the correlation among those factors Table 3. Mainly the first and second factor negatively related to the fourth factor, which indicates the opposite relation between socioeconomic factor with riverbank erosion as well as the rural urban migration and riverbank erosion.

Thus the inter-linkage between the factors represents the linkage between riverbank erosion and migration. This indicates that there is a positive relation between riverbank erosion and migration. There are various studies conducted on riverbank erosion and its impact on socioeconomic livelihood of the inhabitants.

In comparison to our study, the results of some earlier studies also reveal the truth. According to the study conducted by Mollah and Ferdaush in Kazipur Upazila at Sirajgonj District of Bangladesh reveals that riverbank erosion is the main cause of Migration; since it finds that in the year , The total population of the Kazipur Upazila is 2, 34, and if the rate of erosion remains same, then in future the rate of forced migration due to riverbank erosion will be The study conducted by Kamal and Abedin finds that as a riverine country, Bangladesh has created a complex network of river system with more than rivers.

Hence, riverbank erosion has become a more serious problem than flood in Bangladesh, since the victims are losing their households and agricultural land permanently every year and it creates untold suffering to the victims. Das et al in their study India, finds that various socio-economic problems arise among the flood plain inhabitants due to riverbank erosion, such as unemployment, poverty, social insecurity, displacement etc. To see the problems the study has conducted a household survey among the victims, who resettled around the nearby areas of the erosion affected areas.

The study has divided the surveyed households into three groups on the basis of the distance of resettlement as Group I: Resettled within 1 km of the riverbank, Group II: Resettled 1—3 km from the riverbank, Group III: Resettled more than 3 km from the riverbank.

They find that the poverty as per the Head count ratio is high in group II i. Accordingly, the poverty gap index has also found as 0.

Thus, the head count ratio and the poverty gap reveals the severe impact of riverbank erosion on those flood plain inhabitants. Besides the above results, the study also reveals that the household condition, health and educational status also very poor. Thus, the results from various studies show that riverbank erosion is a cause behind poverty and migration.

Similar the case has been observed in Assam also. The factor analysis on secondary information revealed the same fact as found in the various studies. In this context, the results from this study validated the case in Assam, India. The results from various studies and factor analysis in this study revealed that there is a close link between riverbank erosion and migration. The trends on riverbank erosion and loss property reveal that large plot of land and property lost due to riverbank erosion in Assam.

Besides this a large number families also displaced as a result of riverbank erosion. Thus, it is clear that what will do by the displaced people? They will of course migrate to another place in search of livelihood and resettlement. Factor analysis results in this study show this linkage between river bank erosion and migration.

The first and fourth factors mainly indicate the linkage between the two concepts. Further the component correlation matrix reveals that rural—urban migration is related to the environmental degradation i.

Riverbank erosion. Besides this, results from various studies shows that riverbank erosion creates different forms of socioeconomic and demographic problems such as loss of livelihood, loss of education and falling health condition, loss of homestead land etc.

These all forms of socioeconomic problems compel the victims to migrate elsewhere. There are various causes as contended in the migration theories, among which nature Riverbank erosion may be a cause. However, further in-depth study needed to see the problem in depth that is what are the various impacts of riverbank erosion?

What are the coping measures adopted by the erosion displaces? The extent of population migration due to riverbank erosion and Type of migration, whether it is short term or long term? The data used in this study are from published sources of government of India; hence it may be available in another study also. But, the analysis is different from other research works. Since the method of analysis is different from other. Char are sandy tracts of land which lie in the middle of a river or adjacent to it.

These tracts are created by a complex process of continuous erosion and accumulation of sand and other solid materials over a period of time To be considered a full fledged char such tracts must support vegetation and hence make settlement and agricultural activities viable.

Majuli is the biggest island in the world covering km 2 area of land and inhabiting 1. Brahmaputra valley is the largest valley in Assam consisting The valley covers 15 districts out of 33 districts. MGI indicates the Migrational growth index which is prepared on the basis of some migration related variables. Imperial J Interdisciplinary Research 2 8 — Google Scholar. Bates DC Environmental refugees? Classifying human migrations caused by environmental change. Popul Environ 23 5 — Article Google Scholar.

Bhagat RB Emerging pattern of urbanisation in India. Econ Political Wkly 46 34 : 10— Int J Scientific Res Publications 3 9 :1— Sage Publication, New Delhi. Living Rev Landsc Res. Australas J Disaster Trauma Stud 21 2 Dercon S Insurance against poverty. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Int J Disaster Risk Reduction — Water Resour Res 21 7 — World Dev 37 2 — ProcNatlAcadSci 16 — Am GeogrSoc 78 1 — Applied Geography 23 2—3 — Bangladesh J Bioeth 2 2 :4— Kamal M, Abedin MJ Riverbank erosion and migration: a study on displaced people from governance and cultural perspective.

Karim AHMZ Flood and riverbank erosion displacees: their indigenous survival strategies in two coastal villages in Bangladesh. Can Cent SciEdu. CurrSci 88 4 — Oxford University Press, pp — J Human Ecol 38 3 — Environ Ecol Res 3 5 — NDMA Information on floods.

Clar Multidiscip Int J 1 1 :1—7. Climatic Change. Sci J Appl Math Stat 5 2 — Global Environmental Change S3—S Earth SystDyn Discuss — Shah A Land degradation and migration in dry land region in India, Sandee 10 5. Sjaastad LA The Costs and returns of human migration.

J Polit Econ — Todaro MP Internal migration in developing countries: A review of theory, evidence, methodology and research priorities. American Economic Association 59 1 — Int J GeomatGeosci 2 2 — Warner K Global environmental change and migration: Governance challenges.

Global Environmental Change 20 3 — Table 21 : Yield Per Hectare - Foodgrains. Table 28 : Index Numbers of Industrial Production.

Table 31 : Index Numbers of Infrastructure Industries. Table 40 : Components of Money Stock. Table 41 : Sources of Money Stock. Table 42 : Average Monetary Aggregates. Table 48 : Savings Deposits with Commercial Banks. Table 63 : Payment Systems Indicators. Table 64 : Structure of Interest Rates.

Table 74 : Investments by LIC. Table 85 : Liabilities and Assets of Exim Bank. Table 98 : Pattern of Receipts of the State Governments. Table : Expenditure Pattern of the State Governments. Table : Outstanding Liabilities of Central Government. Table : Outstanding Liabilities of the State Governments.